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and whether or not he approved the principle； he made political use of it
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by marrying the daughter of a chief in nearly every band。 Through these
alliances he held a controlling influence over the whole Ojibway nation。
Reverend Claude H。 Beaulieu says of him：
〃Hole…in…the…Day was a man of distinguished appearance and native
courtliness of manner。 His voice was musical and magnetic； and with
these qualities he had a subtle brain； a logical mind； and quite a
remarkable gift of oratory。 In speech he was not impassioned； but clear
and convincing； and held fast the attention of his hearers。〃
It is of interest to note that his everyday name among his tribesmen
was 〃The Boy。〃 What a boy he must have been！ I wonder if the name
had the same significance as with the Sioux； who applied it to any man
who performs a difficult duty with alertness； dash； and natural courage。
〃The Man〃 applies to one who adds to these qualities wisdom and
maturity of judgment。
The Sioux tell many stories of both the elder and the younger Hole…in…
the…Day。 Once when The Boy was still under ten years of age； he was
fishing on Gull Lake in a leaky birch…bark canoe。 Presently there came
such a burst of frantic warwhoops that his father was startled。 He could
not think of anything but an attack by the dreaded Sioux。 Seizing his
weapons； he ran to the rescue of his son； only to find that the little fellow
had caught a fish so large that it was pulling his canoe all over the lake。
〃Ugh；〃 exclaimed the father； 〃if a mere fish scares you so badly； I fear you
will never make a warrior！
It is told of him that when he was very small； the father once brought
home two bear cubs and gave them to him for pets。 The Boy was feeding
and getting acquainted with them outside his mother's birch…bark teepee；
when suddenly he was heard to yell for help。 The two little bears had
treed The Boy and were waltzing around the tree。 His mother scared
them off； but again the father laughed at him for thinking that he could
climb trees better than a bear。
The elder Hole…in…the…Day was a daring warrior and once attacked and
scalped a Sioux who was carrying his pelts to the trading post； in full sight
of his friends。 Of course he was instantly pursued； and he leaped into a
canoe which was lying near by and crossed to an island in the Mississippi
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River near Fort Snelling。 When almost surrounded by Sioux warriors； he
left the canoe and swam along the shore with only his nose above water；
but as they were about to head him off he landed and hid behind the
falling sheet of water known as Minnehaha Falls； thus saving his life。
It often happens that one who offers his life freely will after all die a
natural death。 The elder Hole…in…the…Day so died when The Boy was still
a youth。 Like Philip of Massachusetts； Chief Joseph the younger； and the
brilliant Osceola； the mantle fell gracefully upon his shoulders； and he
wore it during a short but eventful term of chieftainship。 It was his to see
the end of the original democracy on this continent。 The clouds were fast
thickening on the eastern horizon。 The day of individualism and equity
between man and man must yield to the terrific forces of civilization； the
mass play of materialism； the cupidity of commerce with its twin brother
politics。 Under such conditions the younger Hole…in…the…Day undertook
to guide his tribesmen。 At first they were inclined to doubt the wisdom
of so young a leader； but he soon proved a ready student of his people's
traditions； and yet； like Spotted Tail and Little Crow； he adopted too
willingly the white man's politics。 He maintained the territory won from
the Sioux by his predecessors。 He negotiated treaties with the ability of a
born diplomat； with one exception； and that exception cost him his life。
Like other able Indians who foresaw the inevitable downfall of their
race； he favored a gradual change of customs leading to complete adoption
of the white man's ways。 In order to accustom the people to a new
standard； he held that the chiefs must have authority and must be given
compensation for their services。 This was a serious departure from the
old rule but was tacitly accepted； and in every treaty he made there was
provision for himself in the way of a land grant or a cash payment。 He
early departed from the old idea of joint ownership with the Lake Superior
Ojibways； because he foresaw that it would cause no end of trouble for the
Mississippi River branch of which he was then the recognized head。 But
there were difficulties to come with the Leech Lake and Red Lake bands；
who held aloof from his policy； and the question of boundaries began to
arise。
In the first treaty negotiated with the government by young Hole…in…
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the…Day in 1855； a 〃surplus〃 was provided for the chiefs aside from the
regular per capita payment； and this surplus was to be distributed in
proportion to the number of Indians under each。 Hole…in…the…Day had by
far the largest enrollment； therefore he got the lion's share of this fund。
Furthermore he received another sum set apart for the use of the 〃head
chief〃； and these things did not look right to the tribe。 In the very next
treaty he provided himself with an annuity of one thousand dollars for
twenty years； beside a section of land near the village of Crow Wing； and
the government was induced to build him a good house upon this land。
In his home he had many white servants and henchmen and really lived
like a lord。 He dressed well in native style with a touch of civilized
elegance； wearing coat and leggings of fine broadcloth； linen shirt with
collar； and； topping all； a handsome black or blue blanket。 His moccasins
were of the finest deerskin and beautifully worked。 His long beautiful
hair added much to his personal appearance。 He was fond of entertaining
and being entertained and was a favorite both among army officers and
civilians。 He was especially popular with the ladies； and this fact will
appear later in the story。
At about this time； the United States government took it upon itself to
put an end to warfare between the Sioux and Ojibways。 A peace meeting
was arranged at Fort Snelling； with the United States as mediator。 When
the representatives of the two nations met at this grand council； Hole…in…
the…Day came as the head chief of his people； and with the other chiefs
appeared in considerable pomp and dignity。 The wives of the
government officials were eager for admission to this unusual gathering；
but when they arrived there was hardly any space left except next to the
Sioux chiefs； and the white ladies soon crowded this space to overflowing。
One of the Sioux remarked： 〃I thought this was to be a council of chiefs
and braves； but I see many women among us。〃 Thereupon the Ojibway
arose and spoke in his courtliest manner。 〃The Ojibway chiefs will feel
highly honored；〃 said he； 〃if the ladies will consent to sit on our side。〃
Another sign of his alertness to gain favor among the whites was seen
in the fact that he took part in the territorial campaigns； a most unusual
thing for an Indian of that day。 Being a man of means and influence； he
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was listened to with respect by the scattered white settlers in his vicinity。
He would make a political sp