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Heaven which by it is bright and pure； Earth rendered thereby
firm and sure； Spirits with powers by it supplied； Valleys kept full
throughout their void All creatures which through it do live
Princes and kings who from it get The model which to all they give。
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All these are the results of the One （Tao）。
2。 If heaven were not thus pure； it soon would rend； If earth were
not thus sure； 'twould break and bend； Without these powers； the
spirits soon would fail； If not so filled； the drought would parch each
vale； Without that life； creatures would pass away； Princes and
kings； without that moral sway； However grand and high； would all
decay。
3。 Thus it is that dignity finds its （firm） root in its （previous） meanness；
and what is lofty finds its stability in the lowness （from which it rises）。
Hence princes and kings call themselves 'Orphans；' 'Men of small virtue；'
and as 'Carriages without a nave。' Is not this an acknowledgment that in
their considering themselves mean they see the foundation of their dignity？
So it is that in the enumeration of the different parts of a carriage we do
not come on what makes it answer the ends of a carriage。 They do not
wish to show themselves elegant…looking as jade； but （prefer） to be coarse…
looking as an （ordinary） stone。
40。 1。 The movement of the Tao By contraries proceeds；
And weakness marks the course Of Tao's mighty deeds。
2。 All things under heaven sprang from It as existing （and named）； that
existence sprang from It as non…existent （and not named）。
41。 1。 Scholars of the highest class； when they hear about the Tao；
earnestly carry it into practice。 Scholars of the middle class； when they
have heard about it； seem now to keep it and now to lose it。 Scholars of the
lowest class； when they have heard about it； laugh greatly at it。 If it were
not （thus） laughed at； it would not be fit to be the Tao。
2。 Therefore the sentence…makers have thus expressed themselves：
'The Tao； when brightest seen； seems light to lack； Who
progress in it makes； seems drawing back； Its even way is like a
rugged track。 Its highest virtue from the vale doth rise； Its greatest
beauty seems to offend the eyes； And he has most whose lot the least
supplies。 Its firmest virtue seems but poor and low； Its solid truth
seems change to undergo； Its largest square doth yet no corner show
A vessel great； it is the slowest made； Loud is its sound； but never
word it said； A semblance great； the shadow of a shade。'
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3。 The Tao is hidden； and has no name； but it is the Tao which is skilful
at imparting （to all things what they need） and making them complete。
42。 1。 The Tao produced One； One produced Two； Two produced
Three； Three produced All things。 All things leave behind them the
Obscurity （out of which they have come）； and go forward to embrace the
Brightness （into which they have emerged）； while they are harmonised by
the Breath of Vacancy。
2。 What men dislike is to be orphans； to have little virtue； to be as
carriages without naves； and yet these are the designations which kings
and princes use for themselves。 So it is that some things are increased by
being diminished； and others are diminished by being increased。
3。 What other men （thus） teach； I also teach。 The violent and strong
do not die their natural death。 I will make this the basis of my teaching。
43。 1。 The softest thing in the world dashes against and overcomes
the hardest； that which has no （substantial） existence enters where there is
no crevice。 I know hereby what advantage belongs to doing nothing
（with a purpose）。
2。 There are few in the world who attain to the teaching without words；
and the advantage arising from non…action。
44。 1。 Or fame or life； Which do you hold more dear？ Or
life or wealth； To which would you adhere？ Keep life and lose
those other things； Keep them and lose your life：which brings
Sorrow and pain more near？
2。 Thus we may see； Who cleaves to fame Rejects what
is more great； Who loves large stores Gives up the richer state。
3。 Who is content Needs fear no shame。 Who knows to stop
Incurs no blame。 From danger free Long live shall he。
45。 1。 Who thinks his great achievements poor Shall find his
vigour long endure。 Of greatest fulness； deemed a void；
Exhaustion ne'er shall stem the tide。 Do thou what's straight still
crooked deem； Thy greatest art still stupid seem； And eloquence a
stammering scream。
2。 Constant action overcomes cold； being still overcomes heat。
Purity and stillness give the correct law to all under heaven。
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46。 1。 When the Tao prevails in the world； they send back their swift
horses to （draw） the dung…carts。 When the Tao is disregarded in the
world； the war…horses breed in the border lands。
2。 There is no guilt greater than to sanction ambition； no calamity
greater than to be discontented with one's lot； no fault greater than the
wish to be getting。 Therefore the sufficiency of contentment is an
enduring and unchanging sufficiency。
47。 1。 Without going outside his door； one understands （all that takes
place） under the sky； without looking out from his window； one sees the
Tao of Heaven。 The farther that one goes out （from himself）； the less he
knows。
2。 Therefore the sages got their knowledge without travelling； gave
their （right） names to things without seeing them； and accomplished their
ends without any purpose of doing so。
48。 1。 He who devotes himself to learning （seeks） from day to day to
increase （his knowledge）； he who devotes himself to the Tao （seeks） from
day to day to diminish （his doing）。
2。 He diminishes it and again diminishes it； till he arrives at doing
nothing （on purpose）。 Having arrived at this point of non…action； there is
nothing which he does not do。
3。 He who gets as his own all under heaven does so by giving himself
no trouble （with that end）。 If one take trouble （with that end）； he is not
equal to getting as his own all under heaven。
49。 1。 The sage has no invariable mind of his own； he makes the mind
of the people his mind。
2。 To those who are good （to me）； I am good； and to those who are not
good （to me）； I am also good；and thus （all） get to be good。 To those
who are sincere （with me）； I am sincere； and to those who are not sincere
（with me）； I am also sincere；and thus （all） get to be sincere。
3。 The sage has in the world an appearance of indecision； and keeps
his mind in a state of indifference to all。 The people all keep their eyes
and ears directed to him； and he deals with them all as his children。
50。 1。 Men come forth and live； they enter （again） and die。
2。 Of every ten three are ministers of life （to themselves）； and three are
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ministers of death。
3。 There are also three in every ten whose aim is to live； but whose
movements tend to the land （or place） of death。 And for what reason？
Because of their excessive endeavours to perpetuate life。
4。 But I have heard that he who is skilful in managing the life entrusted
to hi