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t their table； leaving them sitting there without food。 As a result of this I was reduced from the position of waiter to that of a dish…carrier。
But I determined to learn the business of waiting； and did so within a few weeks and was restored to my former position。 I have had the satisfaction of being a guest in this hotel several times since I was a waiter there。
At the close of the hotel season I returned to my former home in Malden； and was elected to teach the coloured school at that place。 This was the beginning of one of the happiest periods of my life。 I now felt that I had the opportunity to help the people of my home town to a higher life。 I felt from the first that mere book education was not all that the young people of that town needed。 I began my work at eight o'clock in the morning； and； as a rule； it did not end until ten o'clock at night。 In addition to the usual routine of teaching； I taught the pupils to comb their hair； and to keep their hands and faces clean； as well as their clothing。 I gave special attention to teaching them the proper use of the tooth…brush and the bath。 In all my teaching I have watched carefully the influence of the tooth…brush； and I am convinced that there are few single agencies of civilization that are more far…reaching。
There were so many of the older boys and girls in the town； as well as men and women； who had to work in the daytime and still were craving an opportunity for an education； that I soon opened a night…school。 From the first； this was crowded every night； being about as large as the school that I taught in the day。 The efforts of some of the men and women； who in many cases were over fifty years of age； to learn； were in some cases very pathetic。
My day and night school work was not all that I undertook。 I established a small reading…room and a debating society。 On Sundays I taught two Sunday…schools； one in the town of Malden in the afternoon； and the other in the morning at a place three miles distant from Malden。 In addition to this； I gave private lessons to several young men whom I was fitting to send to the Hampton Institute。 Without regard to pay and with little thought of it； I taught any one who wanted to learn anything that I could teach him。 I was supremely happy in the opportunity of being able to assist somebody else。 I did receive； however； a small salary from the public fund； for my work as a public…school teacher。
During the time that I was a student at Hampton my older brother； John； not only assisted me all that he could； but worked all of the time in the coal…mines in order to support the family。 He willingly neglected his own education that he might help me。 It was my earnest wish to help him to prepare to enter Hampton； and to save money to assist him in his expenses there。 Both of these objects I was successful in accomplishing。 In three years my brother finished the course at Hampton； and he is now holding the important position of Superintendent of Industries at Tuskegee。 When he returned from Hampton； we both combined our efforts and savings to send our adopted brother； James； through the Hampton Institute。 This we succeeded in doing； and he is now the postmaster at the Tuskegee Institute。 The year 1877； which was my second year of teaching in Malden； I spent very much as I did the first。
It was while my home was at Malden that what was known as the 〃Ku Klux Klan〃 was in the height of its activity。 The 〃Ku Klux〃 were bands of men who had joined themselves together for the purpose of regulating the conduct of the coloured people； especially with the object of preventing the members of the race from exercising any influence in politics。 They corresponded somewhat to the 〃patrollers〃 of whom I used to hear a great deal during the days of slavery； when I was a small boy。 The 〃patrollers〃 were bands of white menusually young menwho were organized largely for the purpose of regulating the conduct of the slaves at night in such matters as preventing the slaves from going from one plantation to another without passes； and for preventing them from holding any kind of meetings without permission and without the presence at these meetings of at least one white man。
Like the 〃patrollers〃 the 〃Ku Klux〃 operated almost wholly at night。 They were； however； more cruel than the 〃patrollers。〃 Their objects； in the main； were to crush out the political aspirations of the Negroes； but they did not confine themselves to this； because schoolhouses as well as churches were burned by them； and many innocent persons were made to suffer。 During this period not a few coloured people lost their lives。
As a young man； the acts of these lawless bands made a great impression upon me。 I saw one open battle take place at Malden between some of the coloured and white people。 There must have been not far from a hundred persons engaged on each side； many on both sides were seriously injured； among them General Lewis Ruffner； the husband of my friend Mrs。 Viola Ruffner。 General Ruffner tried to defend the coloured people； and for this he was knocked down and so seriously wounded that he never completely recovered。 It seemed to me as I watched this struggle between members of the two races； that there was no hope for our people in this country。 The 〃Ku Klux〃 period was； I think； the darkest part of the Reconstruction days。
I have referred to this unpleasant part of the history of the South simply for the purpose of calling attention to the great change that has taken place since the days of the 〃Ku Klux。〃 To…day there are no such organizations in the South； and the fact that such ever existed is almost forgotten by both races。 There are few places in the South now where public sentiment would permit such organizations to exist。
Chapter V。 The Reconstruction Period
The years from 1867 to 1878 I think may be called the period of Reconstruction。 This included the time that I spent as a student at Hampton and as a teacher in West Virginia。 During the whole of the Reconstruction period two ideas were constantly agitating in the minds of the coloured people； or； at least； in the minds of a large part of the race。 One of these was the craze for Greek and Latin learning； and the other was a desire to hold office。
It could not have been expected that a people who had spent generations in slavery； and before that generations in the darkest heathenism； could at first form any proper conception of what an education meant。 In every part of the South； during the Reconstruction period； schools； both day and night； were filled to overflowing with people of all ages and conditions； some being as far along in age as sixty and seventy years。 The ambition to secure an education was most praiseworthy and encouraging。 The idea； however； was too prevalent that； as soon as one secured a little education； in some unexplainable way he would be free from most of the hardships of the world； and； at any rate； could live without manual labour。 There was a further feeling that a knowledge； however little； of the Greek and Latin languages would make one a very superior human being； something bordering almost on the supernatural。 I remember that the first coloured man whom I saw who knew something about foreign languages impressed me at the time as being a man of all others to be envied。
Naturally； most of our people who received some little education became teachers or preachers。 While among those two classes there were many capable； earnest； godly men and women； still a large proportion took up teaching or preaching as an easy way to make a living。 Many became teachers who could do little more than write their names。 I remember there came into our neighbourhood one of this class； who was in search of a school to teach； and the question arose while he was there as to the shape of the earth and how he could teach the children concerning the subject。 He explained his position in the matter by saying that he was prepared to teach that the earth was either flat or round； according to the preference of a majority of his patrons。
The ministry was the profession that suffered mostand still suffers； though there has been great improvementon account of not only ignorant but in many cases immoral men who claimed that they were 〃called to preach。〃 In the earlier days of freedom almost every coloured man who learned to read would receive 〃a call to preach〃 within a few days after he began reading。 At my home in West Virginia the process of being called to the ministry was a very interesting one。 Usually the 〃call〃 came when the individual was sitting in church。 Without warning the one called would fall upon the floor as if struck by a bullet； and would lie there for hours； speechless and motionless。 Then the news would spread all through the neighborhood that this individual had received a 〃call。〃 If he were inclined to resist the summons； he would fall or be made to fall a second or third time。 In the end he always yielded to the call。 While I wanted an education badly； I confess that in my youth I had a fear that when I had learned to read and write very well I would receive one of these 〃calls〃； but； for some reason； my call never came。
When we add the number of wholly ignorant men w