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e reality of the thing described。 It implies a tacit agreement； among cultivated people； that the unseen world must be purely spiritual in constitution。 The agreement is not habitually expressed in definite formulas； for the reason that no mental image of a purely spiritual world can be formed。 Much stress is commonly laid upon the recognition of friends in a future life； and however deep a meaning may be given to the phrase 〃the love of God；〃 one does not easily realize that a heavenly existence could be worth the longing that is felt for it； if it were to afford no further scope for the pure and tender household affections which give to the present life its powerful though indefinable charm。 Yet the recognition of friends in a purely spiritual world is something of which we can frame no conception whatever。 We may look with unspeakable reverence on the features of wife or child； less because of their physical beauty than because of the beauty of soul to which they give expression； but to imagine the perception of soul by soul apart from the material structure and activities in which soul is manifested； is something utterly beyond our power。 Nay； even when we try to represent to ourselves the psychical activity of any single soul by itself as continuing without the aid of the physical machinery of sensation； we get into unmanageable difficulties。 A great part of the contents of our minds consists of sensuous （chiefly visual） images； and though we may imagine reflection to go on without further images supplied by vision or hearing； touch or taste or smell； yet we cannot well see how fresh experiences could be gained in such a state。 The reader； if he require further illustrations； can easily follow out this line of thought。 Enough has no doubt been said to convince him that our hypothesis of the survival of conscious activity apart from material conditions is not only utterly unsupported by any evidence that can be gathered from the world of which we have experience； but is utterly and hopelessly inconceivable。
It is inconceivable BECAUSE it is entirely without foundation in experience。 Our powers of conception are closely determined by the limits of our experience。 When a proposition； or combination of ideas； is suggested； for which there has never been any precedent in human experience； we find it to be UNTHINKABLE；the ideas will not combine。 The proposition remains one which we may utter and defend； and perhaps vituperate our neighbours for not accepting； but it remains none the less an unthinkable proposition。 It takes terms which severally have meanings and puts them together into a phrase which has no meaning。＇11＇ Now when we try to combine the idea of the continuance of conscious activity with the idea of the entire cessation of material conditions； and thereby to assert the existence of a purely spiritual world； we find that we have made an unthinkable proposition。 We may defend our hypothesis as passionately as we like； but when we strive coolly to realize it in thought we find ourselves baulked at every step。
＇11＇ See my Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy； Vol。 I。 pp。 64…67。
But now we have to ask； How much does this inconceivability signify？ In most cases； when we say that a statement is inconceivable； we practically declare it to be untrue； when we say that a statement is without warrant in experience； we plainly indicate that we consider it unworthy of our acceptance。 This is legitimate in the majority of cases with which we have to deal in the course of life； because experience； and the capacities of thought called out and limited by experience； are our only guides in the conduct of life。 But every one will admit that our experience is not infinite； and that our capacity of conception is not coextensive with the possibilities of existence。 It is not only possible； but in the very highest degree probable； that there are many things in heaven； if not on earth； which are undreamed of in our philosophy。 Since our ability to conceive anything is limited by the extent of our experience； and since human experience is very far from being infinite； it follows that there may be； and in all probability is； an immense region of existence in every way as real as the region which we know； yet concerning which we cannot form the faintest rudiment of a conception。 Any hypothesis relating to such a region of existence is not only not disproved by the total failure of evidence in its favour； but the total failure of evidence does not raise even the slightest prima facie presumption against its validity。
These considerations apply with great force to the hypothesis of an unseen world in which psychical phenomena persist in the absence of material conditions。 It is true； on the one hand； that we can bring up no scientific evidence in support of such an hypothesis。 But on the other hand it is equally true that in the very nature of things no such evidence could be expected to be forthcoming： even were there such evidence in abundance； it could not be accessible to us。 The existence of a single soul； or congeries of psychical phenomena； unaccompanied by a material body； would be evidence sufficient to demonstrate the hypothesis。 But in the nature of things； even were there a million such souls round about us； we could not become aware of the existence of one of them； for we have no organ or faculty for the perception of soul apart from the material structure and activities in which it has been manifested throughout the whole course of our experience。 Even our own self…consciousness involves the consciousness of ourselves as partly material bodies。 These considerations show that our hypothesis is very different from the ordinary hypotheses with which science deals。 The entire absence of testimony does not raise a negative presumption except in cases where testimony is accessible。 In the hypotheses with which scientific men are occupied； testimony is always accessible； and if we do not find any； the presumption is raised that there is none。 When Dr。 Bastian tells us that he has found living organisms to be generated in sealed flasks from which all living germs had been excluded； we demand the evidence for his assertion。 The testimony of facts is in this case hard to elicit； and only skilful reasoners can properly estimate its worth。 But still it is all accessible。 With more or less labour it can be got at； and if we find that Dr。 Bastian has produced no evidence save such as may equally well receive a different interpretation from that which he has given it； we rightly feel that a strong presumption has been raised against his hypothesis。 It is a case in which we are entitled to expect to find the favouring facts if there are any； and so long as we do not find such； we are justified in doubting their existence。 So when our authors propound the hypothesis of an unseen universe consisting of phenomena which occur in the interstellar ether； or even in some primordial fluid with which the ether has physical relations； we are entitled to demand their proofs。 It is not enough to tell us that we cannot disprove such a theory。 The burden of proof lies with them。 The interstellar ether is something concerning the physical properties of which we have some knowledge； and surely； if all the things are going on which they suppose in a medium so closely related to ordinary matter； there ought to be some traceable indications of the fact。 At least； until the contrary can be shown； we must refuse to believe that all the testimony in a case like this is utterly inaccessible； and accordingly； so long as none is found； especially so long as none is even alleged； we feel that a presumption is raised against their theory。
These illustrations will show； by sheer contrast； how different it is with the hypothesis of an unseen world that is purely spiritual。 The testimony in such a case must； under the conditions of the present life； be forever inaccessible。 It lies wholly outside the range of experience。 However abundant it may be； we cannot expect to meet with it。 And accordingly our failure to produce it does not raise even the slightest presumption against our theory。 When conceived in this way； the belief in a future life is without scientific support； but at the same time it is placed beyond the need of scientific support and beyond the range of scientific criticism。 It is a belief which no imaginable future advance in physical discovery can in any way impugn。 It is a belief which is in no sense irrational； and which may be logically entertained without in the least affecting our scientific habit of mind or influencing our scientific conclusions。
To take a brief illustration： we have alluded to the fact that in the history of our present world the development of mental phenomena has gone on hand in hand with the development of organic life； while at the same time we have found it impossible to explain mental phenomena as in any sense the product of material phenomena。 Now there is another side to all this。 The great lesson which Berkeley taught mankind was that what we call material phenomena are really the products of consciousness co…operating with some Unknown Power （not material） existing beyond consciousness。 We do very well to speak of 〃matter〃 i