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美国宪政历程:影响美国的25个司法大案 作者:任东来陈伟-第75部分

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  For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
  
  For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
  
  For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
  
  For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences:
  
  For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into t hese Colonies:
  
  For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
  
  For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever。
  
  He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us。
  
  He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the Lives of our people。
  
  He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to pleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the H ead of a civilized nation。
  
  He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to bee the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands。
  
  He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages,whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions。
  
  In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury。 A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people。
  
  Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren。 We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us。 We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and sett lement here。 We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our mon kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence。 They too have been deaf t o the voice of justice and of consanguinity。 We must,therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends。
  
  We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown,and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Bri tain, is and ought to be totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace,contract Alliances, establish merce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do。 An d for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor。
  
  JOHN HANCOCK, President
  
  Attested, CHARLES THOMSON, Secretary
  
  New Hampshire: JOSIAH BARTLETT, WILLIAM WHIPPLE, MATTHEW THORNTON
  
  Massachusetts…Bay: SAMUEL ADAMS, JOHN ADAMS, ROBERT TREAT PAINE, ELBRIDGE GERRY
  
  Rhode Island: STEPHEN HOPKINS, WILLIAM ELLERY
  
  Connecticut: ROGER SHERMAN, SAMUEL HUNTINGTON, WILLIAM WILLIAMS, OLIVER WOLCOTT
  
  Georgia: BUTTON GWINNETT, LYMAN HALL, GEO。 WALTON
  
  Maryland: SAMUEL CHASE, WILLIAM PACA, THOMAS STONE, CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON
  
  Virginia: GEORGE WYTHE, RICHARD HENRY LEE, THOMAS JEFFERSON, BENJAMIN HARRISON, THOMAS NELSON, JR。, FRANCIS LIGHTFOOT LEE, CARTER BRAXTON。
  
  New York: WILLIAM FLOYD, PHILIP LIVINGSTON, FRANCIS LEWIS, LEWIS MORRIS
  
  Pennsylvania: ROBERT MORRIS, BENJAMIN RUSH, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, JOHN MORTON, GEORGE CLYMER, JAMES SMITH, GEORGE TAYLOR, JAMES WILSON, GEORGE ROSS
  
  Delaware: CAESAR RODNEY, GEORGE READ, THOMAS M'KEAN
  
  North Carolina: WILLIAM HOOPER, JOSEPH HEWES, JOHN PENN
  
  South Carolina: EDWARD RUTLEDGE, THOMAS HEYWARD, JR。, THOMAS LYNCH, JR。,ARTHUR MIDDLETON
  
  New Jersey: RICHARD STOCKTON, JOHN WITHERSPOON, FRANCIS HOPKINS, JOHN HART, ABRAHAM CLARK
  


  
  
  
  
  Prepared by Gerald Murphy (The Cleveland Free…Net … aa300)
  
  Distributed by the Cybercasting Services Division of the National Public Teleputing Network (NPTN)。
  
  
  
  
  
  附录二
  美利坚合众国宪法及修正案
  
  
  美利坚合众国宪法
  
  
  我们合众国人民,为建立一个更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内安宁,规划共同防务,促进公共福利,并使我们自己和后代得享自由之赐福,特为美利坚合众国制定和确立本宪法。
  
  第一条第一款本宪法所授予的全部立法权,均属于由参议院和众议院组成的合众国国会。
  第二款〔一〕众议院由各州人民每两年选举产生的众议员组成。每个州的选举人须具备该州州议会人数最多一院选举人所必需的资格。
  〔二〕凡年龄不满25岁,成为合众国公民不满7年,在一州当选时不是该州居民者,不得担任众议员。
  〔三〕众议员名额和直接税税额,应按本联邦内各州的人口比例进行分配。各州人口数,按自由人总数加所有其他人口的3/5予以确定。自由人总数包括按契约服一定年限劳役的人,但不包括未被征税的印第安人。人口的实际统计在合众国国会第一次会议后3年内和此后每10年,依法律规定的方式进行。每3万人选出的众议员人数不得超过1名,但每州至少须有1名众议员。在进行上述人口统计以前,新罕布什尔州有权选出3名,马萨诸塞州8名,罗得岛州和普罗维登斯种植园1名,康涅狄格州5名,纽约州6名,新泽西州4名,宾夕法尼亚州8名,特拉华州1名,马里兰州6名,弗吉尼亚州10名,北卡罗来纳州5名,南卡罗来纳州5名,佐治亚州3名。
  〔四〕任何一州代表出现缺额时,该州行政当局应发布选举令,以选出众议员填补此项缺额。
  〔五〕众议院选举本院议长和其他官员,唯众议院有弹劾权。
  第三款〔一〕合众国参议院由每州州议会选出的两名参议员组成,任期6年;每名参议员有1票表决权。
  〔二〕参议员在第一次选举后集会时,应即分为人数尽可能相等的3个组。第一组参议员席位在第二年年终空出,第二组参议员席位在第四年年终空出,第三组参议员席位在第六年年终空出,以便每2年得改选1/3的参议员。在任何一州州议会体会期间,如因辞职或其他原因而出现缺额时,该州行政长官在州议会下次集会填补此项缺额前,得任命临时参议员。
  〔三〕凡年龄不满30岁,成为合众国公民不满9年,在一州当选时不是该州居民者,不得担任参议员。
  〔四〕合众国副总统任参议院议长,但除非参议员投票时赞成票和反对票相等,无表决权。
  〔五〕参议院选举本院其他官员,并在副总统缺席或行使合众国总统职权时选举一名临时议长。
  〔六〕唯参议院有审判一切弹劾案之权。为此目的而开庭时,全体参议员俱应宣誓或作代誓宣言。合众国总统受审时,最高法院首席大法官主持审判。无论何人,非经出席参议员2/3人数的同意,不得被定罪。
  〔七〕弹劾案的判决,以免职和剥夺担任及享有合众国属下有荣誉、有责任或有报酬的职务之资格为限。但被定有罪者,仍得依法受起诉、审理、判决和惩罚。
  第四款〔一〕举行参议员和众议员选举的时间、地点与方式,在每州由该州议会规定。但除选举参议员的地点外,国会得随时以法律制定或改变这类规定。
  〔二〕国会每年应至少开会一次,除非国会以法律另行规定日期,此会议在十二月第一个星期一举行。
  第五款〔一〕参众两院应自行审查本院议员的选举、选举结果报告和议员资格。每院议员出席人数过半数,即构成议事的法定人数,但不足法定人数时,得逐日延期开会,并有权按本院规定的方式和罚则,强迫缺席议员出席会议。
  〔二〕参众两院得规定本院议事规则,惩罚本院扰乱秩序的议员,并经2/3议员的同意开除议员。
  〔三〕参众两院都应保存本院议事录,并随时公布,但它认为需要保密的部分除外。每院议员对于任何问题的赞成和反对,如出席议员中有1/5的人提出要求,亦应载入本院议事录中。
  〔四〕在国会开会期间,任何一院,未经另一院同意,不得休会3日以上,也不得迁移到两院举行集会以外的其他任何地点。
  第六款〔一〕参议员和众议员应得到服务的报酬,这种报酬由法律确定,从合众国国库支付。两院议员,除犯叛国罪、重罪和妨害治安罪外,在一切情况下都享有在出席各自议院会议期间和往返于各自议院途中不受逮捕的特权。他们不得因在各自议院发表的演说或进行的辩论而在任何其他地方受到质问。
  〔二〕参议员或众议员在当选任期内,概不得被任命担任在此期间设置或增薪的合众国管辖下的任何文官职务。凡在合众国下供职者,在继续任职期间不得担任任何一院议员。
  第七款〔一〕一切征税议案应首先在众议院提出,但参议院得以处理其他议案的方式,提出修正案或表示赞同。
  〔二〕众议院和参议院通过的每一议案,在成为法律前须送交合众国总统。总统如批准该议案,应即签署;如不批准,则应将该议案连同其反对意见退回最初提出该议案的议院。该院应将此项反对意见详细载入本院议事录并进行复议。如亦经复议后,该院2/3议员同意通�
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