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of the amphitheatre or giving the English people back their land。
Marcus Aurelius is the most intolerable of human types。 He is an
unselfish egoist。 An unselfish egoist is a man who has pride without
the excuse of passion。 Of all conceivable forms of enlightenment
the worst is what these people call the Inner Light。 Of all horrible
religions the most horrible is the worship of the god within。
Any one who knows any body knows how it would work； any one who knows
any one from the Higher Thought Centre knows how it does work。
That Jones shall worship the god within him turns out ultimately
to mean that Jones shall worship Jones。 Let Jones worship the sun
or moon； anything rather than the Inner Light； let Jones worship
cats or crocodiles； if he can find any in his street； but not
the god within。 Christianity came into the world firstly in order
to assert with violence that a man had not only to look inwards；
but to look outwards； to behold with astonishment and enthusiasm
a divine company and a divine captain。 The only fun of being
a Christian was that a man was not left alone with the Inner Light；
but definitely recognized an outer light； fair as the sun； clear as
the moon； terrible as an army with banners。
All the same； it will be as well if Jones does not worship the sun
and moon。 If he does； there is a tendency for him to imitate them；
to say； that because the sun burns insects alive； he may burn
insects alive。 He thinks that because the sun gives people sun…stroke；
he may give his neighbour measles。 He thinks that because the moon
is said to drive men mad； he may drive his wife mad。 This ugly side
of mere external optimism had also shown itself in the ancient world。
About the time when the Stoic idealism had begun to show the
weaknesses of pessimism； the old nature worship of the ancients had
begun to show the enormous weaknesses of optimism。 Nature worship
is natural enough while the society is young； or； in other words；
Pantheism is all right as long as it is the worship of Pan。
But Nature has another side which experience and sin are not slow
in finding out； and it is no flippancy to say of the god Pan that he
soon showed the cloven hoof。 The only objection to Natural Religion
is that somehow it always becomes unnatural。 A man loves Nature
in the morning for her innocence and amiability； and at nightfall；
if he is loving her still； it is for her darkness and her cruelty。
He washes at dawn in clear water as did the Wise Man of the Stoics；
yet； somehow at the dark end of the day； he is bathing in hot
bull's blood； as did Julian the Apostate。 The mere pursuit of
health always leads to something unhealthy。 Physical nature must
not be made the direct object of obedience； it must be enjoyed；
not worshipped。 Stars and mountains must not be taken seriously。
If they are； we end where the pagan nature worship ended。
Because the earth is kind； we can imitate all her cruelties。
Because sexuality is sane； we can all go mad about sexuality。
Mere optimism had reached its insane and appropriate termination。
The theory that everything was good had become an orgy of everything
that was bad。
On the other side our idealist pessimists were represented
by the old remnant of the Stoics。 Marcus Aurelius and his friends
had really given up the idea of any god in the universe and looked
only to the god within。 They had no hope of any virtue in nature；
and hardly any hope of any virtue in society。 They had not enough
interest in the outer world really to wreck or revolutionise it。
They did not love the city enough to set fire to it。 Thus the
ancient world was exactly in our own desolate dilemma。 The only
people who really enjoyed this world were busy breaking it up；
and the virtuous people did not care enough about them to knock
them down。 In this dilemma （the same as ours） Christianity suddenly
stepped in and offered a singular answer； which the world eventually
accepted as THE answer。 It was the answer then； and I think it is
the answer now。
This answer was like the slash of a sword； it sundered；
it did not in any sense sentimentally unite。 Briefly； it divided
God from the cosmos。 That transcendence and distinctness of the
deity which some Christians now want to remove from Christianity；
was really the only reason why any one wanted to be a Christian。
It was the whole point of the Christian answer to the unhappy pessimist
and the still more unhappy optimist。 As I am here only concerned
with their particular problem； I shall indicate only briefly this
great metaphysical suggestion。 All descriptions of the creating
or sustaining principle in things must be metaphorical； because they
must be verbal。 Thus the pantheist is forced to speak of God
in all things as if he were in a box。 Thus the evolutionist has；
in his very name； the idea of being unrolled like a carpet。
All terms； religious and irreligious； are open to this charge。
The only question is whether all terms are useless； or whether one can；
with such a phrase； cover a distinct IDEA about the origin of things。
I think one can； and so evidently does the evolutionist； or he would
not talk about evolution。 And the root phrase for all Christian
theism was this； that God was a creator； as an artist is a creator。
A poet is so separate from his poem that he himself speaks of it
as a little thing he has 〃thrown off。〃 Even in giving it forth he
has flung it away。 This principle that all creation and procreation
is a breaking off is at least as consistent through the cosmos as the
evolutionary principle that all growth is a branching out。 A woman
loses a child even in having a child。 All creation is separation。
Birth is as solemn a parting as death。
It was the prime philosophic principle of Christianity that
this divorce in the divine act of making （such as severs the poet
from the poem or the mother from the new…born child） was the true
description of the act whereby the absolute energy made the world。
According to most philosophers； God in making the world enslaved it。
According to Christianity； in making it； He set it free。
God had written； not so much a poem； but rather a play； a play he
had planned as perfect； but which had necessarily been left to human
actors and stage…managers； who had since made a great mess of it。
I will discuss the truth of this theorem later。 Here I have only
to point out with what a startling smoothness it passed the dilemma
we have discussed in this chapter。 In this way at least one could
be both happy and indignant without degrading one's self to be either
a pessimist or an optimist。 On this system one could fight all
the forces of existence without deserting the flag of existence。
One could be at peace with the universe and yet be at war with
the world。 St。 George could still fight the dragon； however big
the monster bulked in the cosmos； though he were bigger than the
mighty cities or bigger than the everlasting hills。 If he were as
big as the world he could yet be killed in the name of the world。
St。 George had not to consider any obvious odds or proportions in
the scale of things； but only the original secret of their design。
He can shake his sword at the dragon； even if it is everything；
even if the empty heavens over his head are only the huge arch of its
open jaws。
And then followed an experience impossible to describe。
It was as if I had been blundering about since my birth with two
huge and unmanageable machines； of different shapes and without
apparent connectionthe world and the Christian tradition。
I had found this hole in the world： the fact that one must
somehow find a way of loving the world without trusting it；
somehow one must love the world without being worldly。 I found this
projecting feature of Christian theology； like a sort of hard spike；
the dogmatic insistence that God was personal； and had made a world
separate from Himself。 The spike of dogma fitted exactly into
the hole in the worldit had evidently been meant to go there
and then the strange thing began to happen。 When once these two
parts of the two machines had come together； one after another；
all the other parts fitted and fell in with an eerie exactitude。
I could hear bolt after bolt over all the machinery falling
into its place with a kind of click of relief。 Having got one