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largely based upon the Chinese； and extending as far back as the
beginning of the Christian era。 European medicine was introduced by the
Portuguese and the Dutch； whose 〃factory〃 or 〃company〃 physicians were
not without influence upon practice。 An extraordinary stimulus was given
to the belief in European medicine by a dissection made by Mayeno in
1771 demonstrating the position of the organs as shown in the European
anatomical tables； and proving the Chinese figures to be incorrect。 The
next day a translation into Japanese of the anatomical work of Kulmus was
begun； and from its appearance in 1773 may be dated the commencement
of reforms in medicine。 In 1793； the work of de Gorter on internal
medicine was translated； and it is interesting to know that before the so…
called 〃opening of Japan〃 many European works on medicine had been
published。 In 1857； a Dutch medical school was started in Yedo。 Since the
political upheaval in 1868； Japan has made rapid progress in scientific
medicine； and its institutions and teachers are now among the best known
in the world。＇28＇
＇28＇ See Y。 Fujikawa； Geschichte der Medizin in Japan； Tokyo； 1911。
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CHAPTER II
GREEK MEDICINE
OGRAIAE gentis decus！ let us sing with Lucretius； one of the great
interpreters of Greek thought。 How grand and how true is his paean！
Out of the night； out of the blinding night Thy beacon flashes；hail；
beloved light Of Greece and Grecian； hail； for in the mirk Thou cost reveal
each valley and each height。
Thou art my leader； and the footprints shine； Wherein I plant my
own。。。。
The world was shine to read； and having read； Before thy children's
eyes thou didst outspread The fruitful page of knowledge； all the wealth
Of wisdom； all her plenty for their bread。
＇Bk。 III。Translated by D。 A。 Slater。＇
Let us come out of the murky night of the East； heavy with phantoms；
into the bright daylight of the West； into the company of men whose
thoughts made our thoughts； and whose ways made our waysthe men
who first dared to look on nature with the clear eyes of the mind。
Browning's famous poem； 〃Childe Roland to the Dark Tower Came；〃
is an allegory of the pilgrimage of man through the dark places of the earth；
on a dismal path beset with demons； and strewn with the wreckage of
generations of failures。 In his ear tolled the knell of all the lost adventurers；
his peers； all lost； lost within sight of the dark Tower itself
The round squat turret； blind as the fool's heart； Built of brown stone；
without a counterpart In the whole world。
lost in despair at an all…encircling mystery。 Not so the Greek Childe
Roland who set the slug…horn to his lips and blew a challenge。 Neither
Shakespeare nor Browning tells us what happened； and the old legend；
Childe Roland； is the incarnation of the Greek spirit； the young； light…
hearted master of the modern world； at whose trumpet blast the dark
towers of ignorance； superstition and deceit have vanished into thin air； as
the baseless fabric of a dream。 Not that the jeering phantoms have flown！
They still beset； in varied form； the path of each generation； but the
Achaian Childe Roland gave to man self…confidence； and taught him the
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
lesson that nature's mysteries； to be solved； must be challenged。 On a
portal of one of the temples of Isis in Egypt was carved： 〃I am whatever
hath been； is； or ever will be； and my veil no man has yet lifted。〃
The veil of nature the Greek lifted and herein lies his value to us。 What
of this Genius？ How did it arise among the peoples of the AEgean Sea？
Those who wish to know the rock whence science was hewn may read the
story told in vivid language by Professor Gomperz in his 〃Greek
Thinkers；〃 the fourth volume of which has recently been published
（Murray； 1912； Scribner； 1912）。 In 1912； there was published a book by
one of the younger Oxford teachers； 〃The Greek Genius and Its Meaning
to Us；〃＇1＇ from which those who shrink from the serious study of
Gomperz' four volumes may learn something of the spirit of Greece。 Let
me quote a few lines from his introduction：
＇1＇ By R。 W。 Livingstone； Clarendon Press； Oxford； 1912 ＇2d ed。；
revised； 1915＇。
〃Europe has nearly four million square miles； Lancashire has 1；700；
Attica has 700。 Yet this tiny country has given us an art which we； with it
and all that the world has done since it for our models； have equalled
perhaps； but not surpassed。 It has given us the staple of our vocabulary in
every domain of thought and knowledge。 Politics； tyranny； democracy；
anarchism； philosophy； physiology； geology； historythese are all Greek
words。 It has seized and up to the present day kept hold of our higher
education。 It has exercised an unfailing fascination； even on minds alien or
hostile。 Rome took her culture thence。 Young Romans completed their
education in the Greek schools。。。。 And so it was with natures less akin to
Greece than the Roman。 St。 Paul； a Hebrew of the Hebrews； who called
the wisdom of the Greeks foolishness； was drawn to their Areopagus； and
found himself accommodating his gospel to the style； and quoting verses
from the poets of this alien race。 After him； the Church； which was born to
protest against Hellenism； translated its dogmas into the language of
Greek thought and finally crystallized them in the philosophy of
Aristotle。〃
Whether a plaything of the gods or a cog in the wheels of the universe
this was the problem which life offered to the thinking Greek； and in
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THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE
undertaking its solution； he set in motion the forces that have made our
modern civilization。 That the problem remains unsolved is nothing in
comparison with the supreme fact that in wrestling with it； and in studying
the laws of the machine； man is learning to control the small section of it
with which he is specially concerned。 The veil of thaumaturgy which
shrouded the Orient； while not removed； was rent in twain； and for the first
time in history； man had a clear vision of the world about him〃had gazed
on Nature's naked loveliness〃 （〃Adonais〃） unabashed and unaffrighted by
the supernatural powers about him。 Not that the Greek got rid of his gods
far from it！but he made them so like himself； and lived on terms of such
familiarity with them that they inspired no terror。＇2＇
＇2＇ 〃They made deities in their own image； in the likeness of an image
of corruptible man。 Sua cuique deu fit dira cupido。 'Each man's fearful
passion becomes his god。' Yes； and not passions only； but every impulse；
every aspiration； every humour； every virtue； every whim。 In each of his
activities the Greek found something wonderful； and called it God： the
hearth at which he warmed himself and cooked his food； the street in
which his house stood； the horse he rode； the cattle he pastured； the wife
he married； the child that was born to him； the plague of which he died or
from which he recovered； each suggested a deity； and he made one to
preside over each。 So too with qualities and powers more abstract。〃 R。W。
Livingstone： The Greek Genius and Its Meaning to Us； pp。 51…52。
Livingstone discusses the Greek Genius as displayed to us in certain
〃notes〃the Note of Beautythe Desire for Freedomthe Note of
Directnessthe Note of Humanismthe Note of Sanity and of Many…
sidedness。 Upon some of these characteristics we shall have occasion to
dwell in the brief sketch of the rise of scientific medicine among this
wonderful people。
We have seen that